The relationship between shape symmetry and perceived skin condition in male facial attractiveness
Introduction
As the face is thought to play a central role in human mate choice (Perrett et al., 1998), many studies have sought to identify visual cues that determine judgements of facial attractiveness. Facial symmetry has been the focus of much empirical research, as symmetry is thought to reflect an individual's heritable ability to maintain good health and preferences for symmetrical individuals are therefore potentially adaptive Thornhill & Gangestad, 1999a, Thornhill & Gangestad, 1999b.
Studies of attractiveness using image manipulation techniques have reported preferences for faces that had been manipulated to be more symmetrical Little et al., 2001, Perrett et al., 1999, Rhodes, Proffitt, et al., 1998, Rhodes, Zebrowitz, et al., 2001. As facial symmetry alone was varied in these studies, many researchers have proposed that symmetry is an important visual cue for judgements of the attractiveness of real faces Little et al., 2001, Perrett et al., 1999, Rhodes, Proffitt, et al., 1998, Rhodes, Zebrowitz, et al., 2001. Although studies of facial attractiveness using real faces have reported positive relationships between symmetry and attractiveness Grammer & Thornhill, 1994, Jones et al., 2001, Mealey et al., 1999, Penton-Voak et al., 2001, Rhodes, Sumich, et al., 1999, Rhodes, Yoshikawa, et al., 2001, Scheib et al., 1999, relationships between facial symmetry and attractiveness judgements of faces in which the visibility of cues to facial symmetry was reduced have also been reported Penton-Voak et al., 2001, Scheib et al., 1999. These latter findings suggest that correlates of symmetry influence facial attractiveness independent of symmetry itself.
Scheib et al. (1999) reported positive associations among facial symmetry, attractiveness and a composite masculinity index derived from the shape of facial characteristics thought to be male sex-typical traits (cheekbone prominence and face length relative to lower face length). Given these findings, Scheib et al. (1999) proposed that masculinity of facial shape mediated the link between attractiveness and facial symmetry. However, Penton-Voak et al. (2001) disputed this link between facial masculinity and symmetry, finding that cheekbones were more prominent in a female sample than a male sample. Furthermore, a masculinity index derived from measurements of facial characteristics, first identified as being sexually dimorphic, was not associated with symmetry in male faces (Penton-Voak et al., 2001; but for a positive result, see Gangestad & Thornhill, 2003). Penton-Voak et al. (2001) were unable to ascertain what cues covary with symmetry in male faces but posited that apparent healthiness of facial skin might be one such characteristic. Indeed, visible skin condition and facial symmetry may be expected to covary as healthy-looking skin and symmetrical features are both potential cues to general health Thornhill & Gangestad, 1999a, Thornhill & Gangestad, 1999b.
The link among apparent health of facial skin, symmetry and male facial attractiveness was investigated here in two studies. First, the relationship between male facial symmetry and perceived facial skin health was explored in real faces (Study 1). Image processing techniques were then used to investigate whether facial colour and texture cues were sufficient to maintain the attractiveness–symmetry relationship when the influence of facial shape was minimised (Study 2).
Section snippets
Study 1
Study 1 tested for a positive correlation between shape symmetry and ratings of the apparent healthiness of skin in male faces.
Method
Full-face colour photographs of 113 Caucasian males (20–30 years) were taken with a digital camera (resolution set at 1200×1000 pixels) and under standardised diffuse lighting conditions. Background was constant in all photographs. Facial expression was neutral and hair pulled back from the face. Each digital face image was first scaled and rotated so as to standardise interpupillary distance to 100 units. All males photographed were unfamiliar to those taking part in the ratings phase of the
Study 2
The aim of Study 2 was to investigate whether facial colour and texture cues were sufficient to maintain the attractiveness–symmetry relationship when the influence of facial shape was minimised.
Discussion
Analyses indicated that apparent healthiness of facial skin covaried with facial symmetry (Study 1). Rated skin health was also positively correlated with females' judgements of male facial attractiveness (Study 1). The positive correlation between facial symmetry and judgements of male facial attractiveness (Study 1) is consistent with the findings of previous studies Grammer & Thornhill, 1994, Jones et al., 2001, Mealey et al., 1999, Penton-Voak et al., 2001, Rhodes, Sumich, et al., 1999,
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