Original articleMorbid jealousy from an evolutionary psychological perspective
Introduction
Sexual jealousy has been studied extensively by evolutionary scientists and has been shown to be a normal emotional reaction to perceived or actual partner infidelity. This research has provided evidence for sex differences in jealousy, as well as an explanation as to why the sexes have different reactions to infidelity. When asked which type of partner infidelity would be more upsetting, men are more likely to select sexual infidelity and women are more likely to select emotional infidelity (Buss et al., 1992, Buss et al., 1999, Schützwohl, 2004, Schützwohl, 2005, Schützwohl & Koch, 2004, Shackelford et al., 2002, Shackelford et al., 2004).
Men and women also differ in reports of the characteristics of rivals that produce jealousy, due to the different characteristics that men and women prefer in a mate. When asked to rate a potential mate's characteristics, women place greater importance on the ability to invest in offspring than do men, and men place greater importance on characteristics indicating health and fertility than do women (Buss, 1989, Buss, 2003, Buss & Schmitt, 1993, Kenrick et al., 1990, Li et al., 2002, Schmitt et al., 2001). It is has been hypothesized that men and women are particularly upset by rivals who display these particular characteristics (Buss, 2000). Research supports this hypothesis: When asked to identify the characteristics of a potential rival that are upsetting, men are more likely than women to identify characteristics related to resource acquisition or holdings, whereas women more than men report upset when confronted with potential rivals who display youthfulness and attractiveness (Brase et al., 2004, Buss et al., 2000).
These findings have been well documented in normal adult populations but have not yet been investigated in individuals diagnosed with morbid jealousy. These individuals have irrational thoughts about their partner's fidelity (APA, 2000), and they incessantly make unwarranted or unverified accusations about their partner's infidelity (e.g., Kingham & Gordon, 2004, Shepherd, 1961, Vauhkonen, 1968). Morbid jealousy can be thought of as hypersensitive jealousy, as these individuals experience jealous reactions at a much lower threshold than normal individuals.
Section snippets
Hypotheses
Because morbid jealousy can be considered hypersensitive jealousy, it is hypothesized that the noted sex differences also will be found in individuals diagnosed with morbid jealousy. Specifically, it is hypothesized that: Hypothesis 1 A greater percentage of men than women diagnosed with morbid jealousy will focus on a partner's sexual infidelity. Hypothesis 2 A greater percentage of women than men diagnosed with morbid jealousy will focus on a partner's emotional infidelity. Hypothesis 3 A greater percentage of men than women
Participants
To investigate a large enough sample of individuals diagnosed with morbid jealousy, we constructed a database that included information from all case histories of morbid jealousy published in English. This produced a sample of 398 case histories (298 men and 100 women) published during the years 1940–2002. The ages of individuals diagnosed with morbid jealousy ranged from 18 to 98 years (mean=43.52; S.D.=12.04). Case histories represented various countries: England (56%), Norway (11%), United
Results
It was hypothesized that a greater percentage of men than women diagnosed with morbid jealousy will focus on a partner's sexual infidelity (Hypothesis 1) and on a potential rival's social status and resources (Hypothesis 3), and that a greater percentage of women than men diagnosed with morbid jealousy will focus on a partner's emotional infidelity (Hypothesis 2) and on a potential rival's youth and physical attractiveness (Hypothesis 4). Chi-square analyses were used to test all hypotheses at α
Discussion
It was hypothesized that men and women diagnosed with morbid jealousy would exhibit behaviors similar to those of individuals who express normal sexual jealousy, and the results support these hypotheses. Men diagnosed with morbid jealousy are more likely to report being upset by sexual infidelity and are more likely to focus on a potential rival's status and/or resources. Women diagnosed with morbid jealousy are more likely to report being upset by emotional infidelity and are more likely to
Acknowledgments
We thank Jerome Wakefield, David Bjorklund, Robin Vallacher, the Evolutionary Psychology Laboratory at Florida Atlantic University, the Buss Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin, and two anonymous reviewers for valuable feedback on various stages of this project and earlier drafts of this manuscript.
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